The Pune Maternal Nutrition Study led by Dr. Chittaranjan Yajnik found Indian vegetarians lack vitamin B12, vital for blood and nerve health. This deficiency during pregnancy can cause birth defects and poor fetal growth. Researchers launched the PRIYA trial (2012-2020) to see if B12 supplements for adolescents help their future babies. They gave vitamin B12 plus multi-micronutrients to girls in rural Pune and later studied their babies' cord blood cells. They found better newborn weight and changed gene expression linked to enzymes called methylases. These methylases control gene activity through DNA methylation, a surprise discovery showing B12 may regulate gene regulators themselves. "You see, the activity of regulators [methylases] is known to be affected by B12," explained Satyajeet Khare, co-author. "But who would have imagined that the expression of these regulators themselves is under the control of B12? B12 appears to act as a regulator of regulators." The study supports the idea that conditions in the womb affect long-term health through epigenetics. Experts say more research is needed, but the findings highlight the benefits of B12 doses as low as 2 micrograms. "The PRIYA study has demonstrated the effectiveness of the recommended daily allowance of 2 micrograms," said Mohan Gupte, former ICMR director. They recommend including vitamin B12 in national iron and folic acid programs for adolescents and women. Dr. Yajnik said, "This will have beneficial effects on the health of the population, human capital, and promote growth and development of the nation."