The SHANTI Act, passed in India's Parliament, opens up the nuclear power sector to private companies for the first time. It changes the liability rules under the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act (CLNDA). The Act shifts all accident liability to the plant operator and removes the ability to sue suppliers for defective equipment. Operator liability is capped at ₹100 crore for small plants and up to ₹3,000 crore for the largest ones. Total liability, including government share, is capped at about ₹3,900 crore. Victims cannot use other laws, including criminal law, for compensation now. The Act sets rules for the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board but limits its independence as members are chosen by a committee from the Atomic Energy Commission. Experts warn that indemnifying suppliers ignores past nuclear accidents where equipment defects played a big role. International suppliers, especially from the US, had pushed for such protections. The liability cap is tiny compared to past nuclear disasters. For example, Fukushima’s costs reached ₹46 lakh crore and Chernobyl’s losses were ₹21 lakh crore for Belarus alone. The capped amount is less than 1% of these costs. This means victims may get very little help after a major accident. The Act also shields operators from liability caused by “grave natural disasters,” risking a moral hazard where safety might be compromised. India’s nuclear power has been slow to grow, making just 3% of electricity and missing past capacity goals due to high costs and safety worries. The new goal to reach 100 GW by 2047 seems unlikely. The SHANTI Act mainly opens big business opportunities to private firms and foreign suppliers, letting them earn profits without facing big legal risks in case of accidents. This changes the nuclear industry landscape in India significantly.