A dam collapse at a Chinese-owned copper mine in Zambia caused a toxic spill of at least 50,000 tonnes of acidic waste into the country’s longest river, the Kafue. This spill has killed fish, ruined crops, and made water unsafe. The government and expert groups warn that heavy metals like arsenic, mercury, and lead in the spill could cause serious health issues and spread further with the rainy season. Affected farmers have filed an $80bn lawsuit against Sino Metals and the landowner, NFC Africa. They claim the disaster was caused by poor engineering and mismanagement. Workers like Lamec, who spoke on condition of anonymity, say safety gear is in short supply, and they feel unsafe at work. The spill threatens the livelihoods of over 300,000 households near mining areas. The Chinese embassy in Lusaka denies the spill’s scale, stating pollution is contained and ongoing tests show no lasting public health risks. Sino Metals has paused mining but continues to pay its workers. China is one of Zambia’s largest investors, creating over 30,000 jobs and investing $1.7 billion last year. Despite this, critics accuse China of focusing on mineral extraction at the environment's expense and failing to upskill local workers. Zambia owes around $5 billion to China, but government officials insist they will hold the firm accountable without favoritism. Local farmers report food shortages and health problems linked to the spill. Compensation has been paid to some families, but amounts vary, and some contracts limit further claims. The government has ordered Sino Metals to begin cleanup efforts like planting trees and spreading lime to reduce pollution. Experts warn the cleanup could take over a decade and the damage may be long-lasting if not properly addressed. This case highlights the challenge African countries face in balancing foreign investment, environmental safety, and sovereignty. Zambia’s growing ties with the US may influence the outcome of this dispute with China, reflecting Africa’s rising role as a key player on the global stage. The Chinese embassy rejects claims of neocolonialism and says Chinese investments bring capital, technology, jobs, and training to Zambia. Both countries face a test in managing the aftermath of this environmental disaster while maintaining their important relationship.