Cancer treatment uses surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy as its core methods. Combining these treatments helps tackle advanced cancers better. Surgery removes tumors and nearby lymph nodes. Radiation kills tiny cancer cells left after surgery. Chemotherapy kills cancer cells circulating in the body. Robotic surgery is a major step forward. It lets surgeons work in hard-to-reach areas with great precision. The surgeon controls robotic arms from a console, seeing high-definition 3D images. This reduces pain, blood loss, infection, and hospital stays. It also speeds up recovery. Studies show robotic surgery cures cancer as well as traditional methods, especially for pelvic, kidney, bladder, esophagus, lung, and throat cancers. Though costly now, robotic surgery prices in India may drop soon. Insurance plans mostly cover it. India's robotic procedures grew 53% in 2024. The sector is expected to hit $390 million by 2030 as AI and better designs improve machines. Radiation therapy has also evolved. Modern machines target tumors more precisely, protecting healthy tissue. Image-Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT) adjusts for body movements. Techniques like IMRT and VMAT shape the radiation beam carefully to tumors, reducing side effects. Stereotactic radiation is a breakthrough. It treats brain, lung, liver, and spine tumors in 1-5 sessions instead of many more. Called "surgery without a knife," it delivers high doses with great accuracy. Adaptive Radiation Therapy adjusts treatment in real time as tumors and body parts change. The MR-Linac system sees tumors during treatment and changes radiation instantly. Proton and carbon-ion therapies offer even more precise radiation with fewer long-term effects. Artificial intelligence helps by speeding up treatment planning and improving accuracy. New technologies like FLASH therapy and robotic radiation are shaping the future. These advances make cancer treatments safer, faster, and more effective, benefiting patients and doctors alike. They represent a giant leap forward in saving and improving lives. (Prof. Arvind Krishnamurthy and Prof. Priya Iyer from Cancer Institute (WIA) contributed insights.)