Kerala is facing a steady decline in monsoon rainfall over the last 125 years, says a report by the Institute for Climate Change Studies (ICCS). The state's main rainy seasons, the southwest monsoon (June-September) and northeast monsoon (October-December), have seen drops of 12.5% and 6.1%, respectively, per 100 years compared to the long-period average (LPA) from 1971 to 2020. The LPA for the southwest monsoon is 1,919.3 mm, and for the northeast monsoon, 478.1 mm. ICCS data shows that all districts except Idukki saw a fall in southwest monsoon rainfall. Nine districts, including Kottayam, Alappuzha, and Kollam, reported significant declines. Ernakulam, Thrissur, and Kasaragod had decreasing trends, while Idukki showed a small increase. For the northeast monsoon, rainfall decreased in all but Kasaragod, with significant declines seen in Wayanad, Palakkad, and Kottayam. Kasaragod had a slight increase. ICCS junior scientist Sinan Nizar said, "Though climate change is global in nature, its consequences are highly region-specific. The trends we are observing in Kerala highlight how global climate shifts can manifest differently across regions." Despite total annual rainfall in 2025 being near normal at 2,925.7 mm (+1.2% of LPA), monsoon rains were below average. Southwest monsoon rainfall was 87% of LPA, and northeast monsoon 79%. Districts such as Wayanad (-36%), Idukki (-35%), and Malappuram (-27%) had much less rain during the southwest monsoon. For the northeast monsoon, eight districts faced deficient rains, with Kollam and Malappuram recording deficits over 30%. The report warns Kerala remains vulnerable to sudden rainfall changes. 2023 was one of the driest years, while 2018 saw heavy floods caused by excess rain. These swings highlight the state's climate challenges going forward.